What are the two major components of risk that are essential in understanding its evaluation?

The correct pairing of components essential for understanding risk evaluation consists of impact and likelihood. Impact refers to the potential consequences or damage that could result from a security incident or threat, while likelihood indicates the probability that a particular threat may exploit a vulnerability. Evaluating both of these elements is crucial for determining overall risk levels in cybersecurity.

Assessing impact allows organizations to prioritize their security efforts based on the severity of potential risks, while understanding likelihood helps to gauge how realistic those risks are in the current environment. Together, these factors create a comprehensive view of risk, enabling informed decision-making regarding resource allocation for protective measures and incident response.

In the other options, while integrity and exploitability are important concepts in security contexts, they do not encapsulate the full scope of risk evaluation in the manner that impact and likelihood do. Integrity focuses on the accuracy and trustworthiness of information, while exploitability pertains to how easily a vulnerability can be leveraged by an attacker, but without the context of how likely that event is to occur or how severe the consequences would be, these factors alone do not provide a complete risk assessment.