Which of the following is NOT typically defended against by ModSecurity as it is a network layer defense?

ModSecurity is an open-source web application firewall (WAF) that primarily operates at the application layer, focusing on defending against a variety of web application security threats. It is designed to inspect HTTP requests and responses, enabling it to protect web applications from common vulnerabilities.

Geoblocking is primarily a network layer defense mechanism, which restricts or allows traffic based on geographical locations. This is achieved by analyzing the source IP address of incoming connections. Since geoblocking functions before requests reach the application layer, it is outside the scope of what ModSecurity is designed to protect against.

In contrast, directory traversal, file inclusion, and application spoofing are threats that ModSecurity specifically addresses. Directory traversal vulnerabilities allow attackers to access restricted directories and files on a server, while file inclusion vulnerabilities can lead to malicious files being executed on the server. Application spoofing involves impersonating a legitimate user or application, and ModSecurity can implement rules to detect and prevent such activities. Therefore, the correct response highlights that geoblocking does not fall within the typical defenses provided by ModSecurity, as it operates primarily at the network layer rather than the application layer where ModSecurity excels.