Which of the following is NOT considered a strong hashing algorithm?

MD5 is recognized as a weak hashing algorithm due to its vulnerabilities to collision attacks, where two distinct inputs produce the same hash output. This weakness significantly undermines its effectiveness for security purposes, particularly in contexts where the integrity and authenticity of data are critical.

In contrast, hashing algorithms such as SHA-2, SHA-256, and SHA-3 are designed with more robust security features. They offer greater resistance to vulnerabilities such as collisions and pre-image attacks, making them suitable for applications in cryptography, digital signatures, and data integrity verification. Consequently, MD5's outdated and compromised security features categorize it as unsuitable for current cryptographic standards, highlighting the importance of employing strong hashing algorithms in cybersecurity practices.