Which type of controller allows for configuration of its programming logic by the end user?

The correct answer is the Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). FPGAs are integrated circuits that can be configured by the end user after manufacturing. This configurability allows users to define the logic and functionality of the FPGA to suit specific applications, making it highly versatile for various tasks, particularly in digital signal processing, telecommunications, and other technology fields.

Unlike fixed-function devices, FPGAs provide the ability to be programmed and reprogrammed, which means engineers can develop and modify their designs without needing to create new hardware. This flexibility is a key characteristic of FPGAs, as they enable rapid prototyping and iterative design processes. Through hardware description languages (HDLs), users can customize their circuits to meet precise requirements, thus granting them a significant degree of control over their system's performance and behavior.

In comparison, the other options do not offer this level of programming flexibility. System on Chip (SoC) refers to integrated circuits that combine multiple components into a single chip but typically have fixed functions determined by the manufacturer. Sensors and hubs serve specific roles in a network or system but do not involve user-configurable programming logic. As such, FPGAs stand out as the only option that allows for end-user programming and configuration.